I can answer your second question: Upper and Lower have nothing to do with drawing on a northed map, but rather with the geography of the land. The Alps start to fade out and thus get lower the more you go west in Austria so Lower Austria is physically lower than Upper Austria. Same thing in Bavaria: The Southern part is called Oberbayern (Upper Bavaria) whereas the northern part is Niederbayern (Lower Bavaria).
cat abuseeee!!
grep can take a list of files to search in, saves you a process call and some syscalls.
Similar situation in South Tyrol (an province at the border to Austria): the german-speaking minority (who is the majority in the province) primarily uses italian curse words. A theory I once read trying to explain this is that you hope that God is less likely to notice you when you curse in a different language.
I use PassAndroid (https://f-droid.org/packages/org.ligi.passandroid)
but it looks unmaintained now
I would imagine that this has similar root causes like Italian in South Tyrol. About 100 years ago in an attempt to forcefully italianize the german-speaking Tyroleans the fascists moved a lot of italians from all over Italy into South Tyrol, resulting in a very clean italian (somewhat “high-italian”) being spoken there, opposed to the various regional dialects all over Italy. The clean language is a more common ground between everyone, so it makes sense to default to that (and is a lot closer to the language foreigners learn)
ich vermute um die Pkatzierung des Textes so zu ermöglichen. Naher Osten: am östlichen Mittelmeer. Näherer Osten: Ukraine / Russland
adding to this very good answer: especially in Europe legal, cultural and language borders can differ quite a bit due to history and geography. I’m from South Tyrol, an italian province at the Austrian border. The majority of people there speak a german dialect, we have german schools, public administration and everything, but are a language minority in Italy. The historic explanation is that after WW1 this region became part of Italy, taken fron Austria-Hungary.
Further there is a third official language in South Tyrol, basically only spoken in two valleys anymore, the “Ladin”. It’s a very old language, related to similar language island in adjacent italian provinces and Switzerland. Those languages basically just preserved themselves for geographic reasons (hard accessible valleys and mountains). for this reason those languages tend to differ already between to neighbouring valleys. I was tought, that most of South Tyrol spoke Ladin at some point, but after the Swiss turned Calvinistic, the catholic (and austrian) bishop of the region forced the south-tyroleans to speak german to distance them from the heretic Swiss.^^
During WW2 the fascists in Italy forced South Tyrol to speak italian and forbade everything german, including local, personal and family names; one reson certainly was to enforce this ideology of “one nation, one culture, one people”.
Returning to OPs question: In South Tyrol there are german schools, where you learn italian and english as mandatory second languages, analogously for italian schools. Both languages are valid for any official entity (in theory). In the valleys mentiined above, they also have ladin schools.
genau dieses ist mir letzte Woche passiert, ich dachte das ist inzwischen eine Sache der dunklen Vergangenheit, aber ja… PSA wenn ihr mal ein Führungszeugnis online beantragt auf www.fuehrungszeugnis.bund.de kein Passwort länger als 16-20 Zeichen eingeben.
Warum sie nicht eine zentrales Benutzerkonto einbinden wie, sagen wir mal, die Bund ID, z.B., oder die eID als Login, weil man sie ja eh schon braucht dafür, keine Ahnung. IT des Bundes oder so…
Well, rivers usually flow from higher to lower points, so the explanation is still somewhat correct ;) but to be fair, that’s more the reasoning I found for myself, tieing it to rivers makes more sense in a historical context.